Introducion The Golshan Muraqqa, preserved in the Golestan Palace Library in Tehran, is a masterpiece of Persian and Indian miniature painting. Its illustrations reflect ancient traditions and customs, particularly the culture of falconry. Given that birds of prey are among the most significant motifs in Persian art, this research is essential for identifying how they are represented in the Golshan Muraqqa and for creating a typology of these birds within this visual resource. The research questions are: 1) how are birds of prey represented in the illustrations? 2) Which species are depicted? 3) What similarities and differences exist between the depicted birds, real-life specimens, and descriptions in the Mo'in Encyclopedia?

Methods: This study employs a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, drawing on library, documentary, and visual sources. Images of birds of prey from six specific illustrations in the Muraqqa were purposefully selected.

Results and Discussion: The results indicate that, based on the Mo'in Encyclopedia and real-life images, the birds of prey in two illustrations are of the Shahbaz (Goshawk) type. Furthermore, the motif of the hunter holding the bird is repeated in all six illustrations. However, in one instance, the artist depicts the glove in the hunter's other hand, with the bird perched directly on the bare hand, suggesting insufficient attention to the technical and specialized details of falconry.